class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Police Complaints in Chicago ### Elly Beckerman, Sokona Mangane, and Ella Beiser ### Bates College ### 2022-04-21 --- # Introduction -- - The data set is extensive and includes information about complaints against Chicago police officers from 1988 to 2018. -- - Our data was collected by the Invisible Institute, an investigative journalism company as part of their Citizen Police Data Project. -- - The Invisible Institute sued the city of Chicago for the release of complaint records against the Chicago Police Department. -- - The files were released in 2016, revealing over 100,000 complaint records to the public. -- - Why we chose Chicago --- # Our Research Questions -- - What are the racial makeups of different neighborhoods in Chicago? -- - In which neighborhoods are there the most police complaints per capita? -- - What are the outcomes of police complaints in these neighborhoods? --- class: center, inverse, middle # What are the racial makeups of different neighborhoods in Chicago? --- # Racial makeup of Chicago neighborhoods
--- class: center, inverse, middle # In which neighborhoods are there the most police complaints per capita? --- # Where are complaints being made? <img src="presentation_files/figure-html/data-joins-1.png" title="Scatterplot of police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black" alt="Scatterplot of police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black" width="75%" /> --- # Complaints per capita leaflet
--- class: center, inverse, middle #What are the outcomes of police complaints in these neighborhoods? --- <img src="img/complaint-flowchart-1.png" width="90%" /> .footnote[Citizens Police Data Project] --- <img src="img/complaint-flowchart-2.png" width="90%" /> .footnote[Citizens Police Data Project] --- # Final Finding Summary Statistics .right-column[ <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Final Finding </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> Number of Complaints </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> % of Complaint Data </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Not Sustained </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 21864 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 30.38% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> No Affidavit </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 19995 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 27.79% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Unfounded </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 16241 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 22.57% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Exonerated </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 4714 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 6.55% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Missing Data (NA) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 4607 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 6.40% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Sustained </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 4504 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 6.26% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> No Cooperation </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 29 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.04% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Disciplined </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.008% </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] - No Affidavit and No Cooperation mean that the complaints are not examined at all - Not Sustained and Unfounded mean that the complaints were looked into and no wrongdoing was identified - Sustained and Disciplined mean that when the complaints were investigated there was some finding of wrongdoing - Exonerated mean that with there was an initial finding of wrongdoing, that was later overturned --- # What happens to the complaints? <img src="presentation_files/figure-html/r proportion-findings-vis-1.png" title="Filled bar graph shows the proportion of complaints that fit into four catagories -- Sustained, No Affidavit or Cooperation, Not sustained, and Missing. Proportions are relatively even across the neighborhoods, with not sustained complaints making up 60 to 70% of the data, No affidavit or cooperation between 20 and 30%, and missing and sustained generally aeoounf 5% each" alt="Filled bar graph shows the proportion of complaints that fit into four catagories -- Sustained, No Affidavit or Cooperation, Not sustained, and Missing. Proportions are relatively even across the neighborhoods, with not sustained complaints making up 60 to 70% of the data, No affidavit or cooperation between 20 and 30%, and missing and sustained generally aeoounf 5% each" width="70%" /> --- # Sustained complaints <img src="presentation_files/figure-html/complaints-for-sustained-decisions-1.png" title="Scatterplot of sustained police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Sustained complaints indicate that the allegation (complaint) was supported by sufficient evidence to justify disciplinary action. Recommendations of disciplinary action may range from violation noted to separation from the Department. Visualization shows districrts with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black besides one, which is the Central District, a majority white District" alt="Scatterplot of sustained police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Sustained complaints indicate that the allegation (complaint) was supported by sufficient evidence to justify disciplinary action. Recommendations of disciplinary action may range from violation noted to separation from the Department. Visualization shows districrts with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black besides one, which is the Central District, a majority white District" width="70%" /> --- # Missing Affidavits <img src="presentation_files/figure-html/complaints-noaffidavit-decisions-1.png" title="Scatterplot of police complaints with no affidavits per capita by district name colored by racial majority. If the accuser doesn't submit an affidavit, the anonymous complaint doesn't get investigated, unless the allegation involved criminal conduct or a residency violation. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most 'anonymous' complaints per capita are predominantly Black, with a few majority white districts in the middle and latino and mixed districts towards the bottom of the graph." alt="Scatterplot of police complaints with no affidavits per capita by district name colored by racial majority. If the accuser doesn't submit an affidavit, the anonymous complaint doesn't get investigated, unless the allegation involved criminal conduct or a residency violation. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most 'anonymous' complaints per capita are predominantly Black, with a few majority white districts in the middle and latino and mixed districts towards the bottom of the graph." width="70%" /> --- # Missing Complaint Data <img src="presentation_files/figure-html/missing-complaint-data-1.png" title="Scatterplot of missing police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black besides one, which is the Central District, a majority white District" alt="Scatterplot of missing police complaints per capita by district name colored by racial majority. Visualization shows neighborhoods with the most complaints per capita are predominantly Black besides one, which is the Central District, a majority white District" width="70%" /> --- #Major Findings -- - Our first lollipop plot illustrated that besides two districts (Central and Near North, the 10 districts with the most complaints per capita were majority Black. -- - In considering the outcomes of police complaints Wentworth, a majority Black district which didn’t have the most complains per capita, had the most sustained complaints out of all of the districts; despite this, most districts align with the distribution of findings among the whole data, with no one district being disproportionate. -- - It is worth noting that Central (majority white) had the second most sustained complaints per capita. It also had the most missing complaints per capita, followed by a number of Black majority districts. -- - It is also worth noting that the top 6 no affidavit complaints per capita were in Black majority districts. -- - All of our findings confirmed our initial expectations about what the data would reveal. Chicago’s long history of housing segregation and current continued housing segregation allowed us to see a stark contrast between the way neighborhoods with majority Black residents are policed and how majority white neighborhoods are. --- #Limitations to the Data -- - Missing 1 District (31st) -- - 3 of those districts removed (13th, 21st, 23rd). -- - Codebook incomplete --- #Further Research -- - Missing data in Black districts, why? -- - More analysis on Central district -- - What type of allegations were more likely to be sustained? -- - If there’s a correlation between the type of allegations and the person who made it? -- - Is there a correlation between the race of the officer versus the race of the accuser in these complaints? -- - Repeat complaints -- - Effectiveness of this filing complaints system (policies) -- - Can explore how complaints have changed over the years --- # Thank You for Listening! Any Questions? <img src="img/complaint-image-dcs-210.jpg" width="70%" /> .footnote[Citizens Police Data Project]